In the 20th century, gender and ethnicity emerged as two significant components of marginality. Gender-based discrimination evolved alongside the Second Wave of Feminism in the 1970s, while ethnicity became a cornerstone of identity politics in the 1800s and 1990s. These categories of disadvantage are complex webs within the social and political fabric, often traced to physiological differences, such as skin color or sex. This article explores the interplay between gender and ethnicity, resulting in simultaneous discriminations in resource allocation and the recognition of socially acceptable identities. The evolving nature of society and governance in New Zealand offers parallels with Western democracies, showcasing the diversity of contemporary marginality.
New Zealand has come a long way in accepting ethnic diversity and cultural differences, with symbolic biculturalism. However, practical resource distribution remains challenging. While the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 aimed for equality and respect between Maori and the Crown, the historical evolution of inter-ethnic relations had its complexities. Maori’s position has improved, but disparities persist. Ethnicity and diversity have played pivotal roles in political, economic, and social reorganization. Discrimination against immigrants from various backgrounds has been a part of New Zealand’s history, although it began to change in the 1970s and 1980s when immigration policies shifted to prioritize skills, financial assets, and family relationships.
The article also addresses contemporary issues, such as ethnic conflict over the foreshore and seabed access. Research indicates ongoing racial inequality, affecting various ethnic groups, including Maori, Chinese, African, Indian, and Korean communities. Such perceived discrimination can lead to stress, low self-esteem, health issues, and antisocial behaviors. Achieving a successful bicultural and multicultural national identity requires careful consideration of multiple perspectives and values.
Researchers like Colleen Ward and James Liu have focused on the impact of colonization on Maori, highlighting the importance of acknowledging indigenous rights and rectifying past injustices. Education plays a vital role in promoting ethnic equality. To further enhance New Zealand’s social fabric, citizens must appreciate and respect immigrants, encouraging their integration and cultural maintenance.
The demographic history of New Zealand, rooted in transoceanic Polynesian migrations, has evolved significantly since the arrival of European and Northern European colonists in the 19th century. Immigration has been a driving force of population change, with net migration gains in the 19th century balancing arrivals and departures. Post-1984, changes in economic and social policies influenced adult education. The country’s transformation led to shifts in attitudes towards work and social rights, with concerns about business power and foreign ownership.
In conclusion, New Zealand’s sweeping deregulation and industrial reforms since the 1980s have transformed attitudes towards work and social rights. The country’s social class theorist, Weber, emphasized power and control over ownership, contributing to complex stratification patterns. Recent post-modern theories analyze social inequalities through gender and cultural lenses rather than just economic ones, reflecting the evolving dynamics of New Zealand’s social fabric.
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Gender and ethnicity are often described as the two main components of the marginality
during the 20th century. The former had emerged in the wake of Second wave feminism of the
year 1970 and the latter gave rise to the identity of politics during the 180’s and the 1990’s.
As is the category of a disadvantage, the very basis for the natural is that it is quite complex
of the webs of the various social and the political organization. This has the consequent
disadvantage that is based upon the gender or ethnicity that is able to be traced to physiology
which means the difference in the skin or the sex. The author has illustrated the bivalent
category of the disadvantage in the sense that the gender and the ethnicity leads to
simultaneous discriminations in the areas of the resource allocation and in the socially
acceptable identities which is also termed as the recognition. There is also a common
trajectory that is followed by the social markers ends. While drawing the changing nature of
the society ad the governance in the New Zealand, there have been many papers and
researches that have argued on to the various similarities that expose the various fundamental
attributes of the contemporary marginality that increases the diversity in the western
democracies. In the past decade, the ethnicity and the diversity has served on the axis of the
social division and it has gained diversity and has marked an influenced political economic
and a social reorganization in the country, whereas on the other side, it has also proven to be
harder to justify the structural disadvantage. (Kumar, 2011).This has also ruptured the gender
in the moments that are open to erasure and ethnicity has coalesced for becoming a new,
valid, and relevant line for the social inequality (Jones and Simpsons, 2007).
The country of New Zealand has somewhat come a long way in accepting the ethnic diversity
and also the differences that exists in its culture. These are the changes that have been
highlighted in the various theories that have been laid down. The country has had symbolic
biculturalism but in real practice the Pakeha New Zealanders are very much still not willing
to distribute to the various resources. In the theoretical terms, the signing of the Treaty of
Waitangi during the year 1840 secured equality and also respected Maori and the Crown and
also the subjects of the British (Kumar, 2016). It also marked as the initiation point of the
evolution of the country and its inter-ethnic relations. There has been a considerable
improvement in the position of Maori today and this could be illustrated through the
expansion of the culture of Maori, the teaching of the Teo Reo schools and the establishment
of the Ministry of the Maori Affairs. The region continued to improve but even when still
lagged behind when it came to statistics.
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The immigrants from a number of different places have experienced discrimination. The
immigrants from many of the countries have chosen to settle and also contribute to the
society of the country. It was only during the years 1970’s and the 1980’s that the
immigration policy stopped favouring the European descendants and began accepting the
immigrants on the basis of their skills, financial assets and the relationship with their families.
An example of the ethnic conflict took place over the access of the foreshore and the Seabed
of the country of New Zealand. The court of appeal also addressed the premise as being the
part of the treaty that was entitled as the redressed of the past injustices. There were also
some of the citizens that saw this as the violation of the equality and insisted in the past and
this had no relevance to the present. But then, this was denied. There have been many of the
contemporary researches that have showed the racial inequality that indicated that there has
been some significant ethnic imbalances. Maori still continue to be imbalanced and was also
discriminated as against the other ethnic groups such as the Chinese, African, Indian and the
Korean people. This also showed that there has been some perceived discrimination that
could lead to the negative effects such as stress, poor self and the group esteem. This could
lead to an impaired health and the anti social behaviours. If the country even tries to achieve a
successful bicultural and multicultural national identify, then there are many of the
perspectives that are required to be assessed.
The researchers like Colleen Ward and James Liu have time and again spoken about the
history of colonisation and the way in which the same has affected the people of Maori. This
education can build the understanding around the acknowledging the various indigenous
rights of Maori and also redressing of the past injustices. These were the shifts that could lead
to an increased amount of ethnic quality. Secondly, the citizens of the country also must
appreciate and respect each other as immigrants and also encourage their integrity into New
Zealand. This could be achieved by the way of nurturing the participation in the society and
then accepting the maintenance of their heritage culture (Victoria, 2016).
The country under review has many a times been regarded as the country of immigrants. The
indigenous population of Maori has its roots in the trans-oceanic migrants of the Polynesian
people which are 1000 years ago. The people of Maoris consist of about 14% if the total
population of the country and extends to about 3.8 million during the year 2002. The
demographic domination of the islands that is known by the name of Aotearoa ended during
the second period of the 19th century when the colonists from the United Kingdom and the
northern Europe arrived in huge numbers for the purposes of creating New Britain in the
South Seas.
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Immigration became one of the significant drivers of the change that took place in the
country since the mid of the 19th century and also, during the early years, there were net
migration gains that balanced the arrivals over the departures, was the highest level that was
ever recorded. Immigration has been a significant driver of population change in the country
since the onset of the 19th century. At the time of the senses of the population and the
dwellings during the period of March, 2001, there were just 20% of the residents of the
country that were recorded as the birthplace overseas. That accounted for the highest
proportions of the overseas that were born in the population of any country in the
organization for the economic cooperation and development, OECD in other words. Many of
the measures were introduced due to which the level of competence in the language of
English rose from 5.00 to 6.50 when it came to the tests of proficient for the principal
applicants seeking the resident visas and the permits. This was one of the many policy
adjustments that were made when it came to the purpose of settling the outcomes for the
immigrants than the current policies that seemed to be achieving the trick.
There were changes in the various policies that had to be made under the name of the
bilateral agreement which came to be known as the Trans- Tasman Travel arrangement
wherein the citizens of the country could easily move and reside in the country without any
visas or the permits. Before the year 1984, the balance of the migration between the two
countries existed in the favour of the country. But from the middle of the 1960’s, the country
increased the significance as the destination for the New Zealanders. Then there were many
of the changes that took place between the country of New Zealand and the Australia that had
emerged during the year 2001. This was the response to the resettlement of the group of the
asylum seekers from the Middle East and Afghanistan. These were the seekers were picked
up from the Tampa refugees by the government of the country. In the end, the government of
Australia was determined and termed as the boat people and they were allowed to land in the
country of Australia (Migration policy, 2016). These contemporary issues showed the long
standing culture of the international migration into and out of the country. This further shows
the increase in the recognition of the makers of the various policies that were the root causes
of the immigration. There were also measures for the protection of the human rights that
constrained the ability of the government of the country to respond to the racial and the ethnic
concerns of the voters and also lead to imposition of the restrictive measures on the
immigrants or their dependents (NCBI, 2016).
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Further, the health status of the indigenous people worldwide varied with the unique
historical, political and the social circumstances. There were disparities between the Maoris
and the non-Maoris that were evident for all the colonial history of the country. The
explanations for this difference included a complex mix of the various components that were
associated with the socioeconomic and the lifestyle factors, the availability of the health care
and discrimination (Converge, 2016). There was an improvement in the access to the care and
this was critical to the addressing of the various health disparities and this in turn also,
increased the evidences that suggested that the Maoris and the non-Maoris differed in the
terms of an access to the primary and the secondary health care services (Tobias, 1990).
After the year 1984, there were many of the major changes that were brought about were the
changes in the structures of the society in the country. There were a wide range of the reviews
and the reforms on the economic and the social policies that affected the adult education that
has come under scrutiny and have also been subjected to many of the changes (Belgrave,
2012).
After the year of 2005, the support of the policies began to decrease and this caused fro
concern for the big businesses. The data also suggested that there were significant number of
people that believed that the business was too powerful since they resisted the foreign
ownership of the business (MSD, 2016).
In order to conclude, it can be rightly stated that the country’s sweeping and the rapid
deregulatory and the industrial reforms from the time duration after the year 1980 appeared to
affect the attitudes of the people as work as the social right and this was done for the purposes
of protecting the import controls and various other polices, rules and regulations laid down by
the government (Google books, 2016).
There were many of the theories that were laid down one of the social class theorist called
Weber who stated many of the perspectives in many pivotal ways (Research archive, 2016).
He simply stated that the basis of the class of the formation shifts from the focus on the
ownership, towards the power and control. This allowed the complex stratification patterns
that included the role of the middle class and the education and training in the production of
the social class. In the nutshell, his contribution was to view the social class in the terms of
status instead of viewing them in the terms of relationship with the capital. In contrast with
his perspectives, the focus was on the 55 status differences rather than the structural
similarities. He simply argued that the social classes fragmented the different interests of the
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people rather than being unified by them (Kathy Louise Stuart, 2016). Hence, the class was
the core component or the sole determinant of the social structure. He considered the middle
class as being important and also argued that the position of the middle class existed between
the working and the ruling class that meant they shared some sort of the attributes or both.
Even when there existed these differences, the main approach was on the emphasis on the
importance of the position in the structure of the occupations. The occupational structure is
regarded as the main ingredient of the other relationships that existed between the individuals
and the group (Research archive, 2016).
The perspectives of the author were many a times termed as being deterministic, defunct and
out of touch when it came to comparing with the reality of the contemporary social and the
economic structures. The recent times have showed that it has been the most amazing part of
the post modern theories that seeks to analyse the social inequalities through the way of
social, gendered and the culturally based lens instead of the economic one (Siteseer, 2016).